AICR's
Foods That Fight Cancer™
Cherries
Cherries
Did George Washington cut down a sweet or tart cherry tree? In the 1600s settlers brought cherry trees to America; by the late 1800s cherry orchards flourished in northern Michigan and the Pacific Northwest. Today, Michigan produces most of our tart cherries and northwestern states produce 60 percent of sweet cherries. Each American eats about two pounds of cherries annually (mostly sweet). Some studies show that compounds in cherries may help relieve pain from arthritis, gout and headaches.
What's in Cherries?
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Both sweet and tart cherries are a good source of fiber and vitamin C, and they contain potassium. Tart cherries, but not sweet cherries or tart cherry juice, are also an excellent source of vitamin A. Cherries contain a variety of phytochemicals contributing both color and antioxidant activity:
Both sweet and tart cherries supply these antioxidant substances, though tart cherries contain more. The antioxidants in cherry juice and dried cherries (both unsweetened and sweetened) are similar to fresh cherries, according to producer data. Frozen cherries’ antioxidant content is somewhat lower, and canned cherries’ decreases further but remains significant.
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Related Links:
Brighten Your Plate and Palate with Cancer Prevention - From AICR eNews
Make the Most of a Small Fruit - From AICR Press Release Archive
Full Glossary for Foods That Fight Cancer
The Cancer Research
Cherries contain numerous phytochemicals and nutrients, many of which are well studied in the laboratory. They also contain dietary fiber, which is linked to lower risk of colorectal cancer. Consuming high amounts of dietary fiber may also help people control their weight by giving a feeling of fullness. That is important to cancer risk because excess body fat increases the risk of seven cancers.
What Current Evidence Shows: AICR/WCRF expert report and its Continuous Updates (CUP)
| Cherries are fruits that contain dietary fiber and vitamin C. After a systematic review of the global scientific literature, AICR/WCRF weighed the strength of the evidence linking these factors to lower risk for several cancers. | ||
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| Source: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective and the 2011 Continuous Update Project (CUP): Colorectal Cancer. | ||
| Diets high in: | CONVINCINGLY lower risk of the following cancers: | |
| Foods containing dietary fiber | Colorectum | |
| Diets high in: | PROBABLY lower risk of the following cancers: | |
| Fruits | Mouth, Pharynx, Larynx Esophagus Lung Stomach |
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| Foods containing vitamin C | Esophagus | |
”Cherries are a good example of how fruits and vegetables can give you important amounts of fiber, nutrients and phytochemicals without needing to have 'superstar' levels.”
—Karen Collins, MS, RD, CDN.
Open Areas of Investigation: Laboratory Research
Laboratory research is extensive on the group of compounds in cherries called anthocyanins. In laboratory studies, anthocyanins inhibit the growth of cancer cells and stimulate their self-destruction, without affecting healthy cells. These compounds also show anti-inflammatory and strong antioxidant effects. Lab studies on dietary fiber suggest it reduces cells’ exposure to cancer-causing substances. Healthful gut bacteria use dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids that protect colon cells.
In comparison, there are relatively few studies on the cancer effects of the phytochemical perillyl alcohol. Limited studies suggest that perillyl alcohol acts as an antioxidant and stimulates self-destruction of abnormal cells. It also may inhibit cancer growth in animals, at least in part by inhibiting the process of angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels that tumors rely on to spread.
Open Areas of Investigation: Human Studies
Most human studies look at overall fruit consumption. Comparing people who develop cancer with those who do not, studies show lower risk of several cancers in those who eat more fruits compared to those who eat relatively few. Beyond the impact of overall fruit consumption in large population studies, more research is needed to understand the impact of cherry consumption in particular on cancer risk.
Clinical Trials: A few short-term human trials have shown that sweet cherries and tart cherry juice improve antioxidant effects and reduce signs of inflammation. These studies used two to three servings daily of cherries or cherry juice.
In some short-term intervention trials, scientists have seen promise in cherries' perillyl alcohol. Researchers have tested this isolated compound among people at high risk for or with some types of cancer. But researchers have much to learn about dose, form and effective methods of delivery, as well as how to identify who might benefit most. Researchers cannot yet translate the clinical trial findings on perillyl alcohol to how consuming cherries may affect cancer development. When a compound such as perillyl alcohol is consumed in foods, the amount and way it is absorbed is likely different than when consumed in isolation.
AICR-Supported Studies
In the Kitchen
Select:
- Cherries can be classified as sweet or tart. Sweet cherries are the most popular for eating raw, although you can use them for cooking.
- Tart cherries are commonly used for baking, such as in pies or cobblers. In the supermarket, you'll find them canned, frozen or dried.
- When purchasing fresh, select firm, glossy, plump cherries with stems attached. The darker they are; the more ripe. Avoid shriveled or bruised fruits.
Store:
- Refrigerate unwashed cherries for up to ten days in a plastic bag. Or to minimize bruising, spread a single layer on a shallow pan and cover with plastic wrap.
- Check occasionally and remove any that have gone bad before they cause others to spoil.
Prepare:
- For cooking, pit cherries either by hand (pull with your forefinger and thumb or push with a chopstick) or with a pitter.
- You can poach cherries (great for sauces) by dropping them into simmering water and cooking for 1 to 3 minutes until soft. Use a 2:1 ratio cherries to water: If you have 2 cups of cherries, use 1 cup of water.
- Dried cherries are delicious in salads and hot or cold cereal. You can also add dried cherries to baked goods like muffins and cookies to keep them moist.
- You'll find it easier to cut dried cherries if you oil your knife or kitchen scissors beforehand.
- Keep a bag of cherries in the freezer and add to oatmeal while it cooks, or layer with yogurt and granola for a quick breakfast.
- Add cherry juice and whole cherries to sparkling water for a cooling summer beverage.
Cherry Chocolate Bread Pudding
- 3/4 cup dried tart or sweet cherries
- 3/4 cup apple juice or water
- 8 slices whole-wheat bread
- 1/4 cup unsweetened Dutch-processed cocoa powder
- 1/2 cup firmly packed brown sugar
- 1/4 tsp. salt
- 2 1/2 cups refrigerated plain coconut milk*, divided
- 2 large eggs
- 3 large egg whites
- 2 tsp. vanilla extract
- Canola oil cooking spray
- 1/4 cup dark chocolate chips, at least 60 percent cocoa
- 2 Tbsp. sliced almonds
In small bowl, soak cherries in apple juice or water to plump them. Drain well, and set aside.
Stack bread slices and using serrated knife, cut off crust. Cut bread into 1/2-inch cubes, making about 7 cups.
In large mixing bowl, combine cocoa, sugar and salt. Add 1/3 cup of coconut milk, and whisk until smooth. Add remaining coconut milk, and whisk to combine well. Add eggs, egg whites and vanilla and whisk until well combined. Add cubed bread and drained cherries, mixing gently until all bread is moistened. Set mixture aside to soak for 30 to 60 minutes.
Coat 9-inch square baking dish with cooking spray. Stir mixture again to evenly distribute cherries. Spread mixture in prepared pan. Sprinkle on chocolate chips and almonds.
Bake until knife inserted in center of pudding comes out clean, 40-45 minutes. Cool on rack until just warm. Cut pudding into 12 pieces and serve. You can also serve this bread pudding cold or at room temperature. Cool completely, cover with plastic wrap, and refrigerate overnight.
*This is an unsweetened refrigerated coconut milk beverage with ~50 calories per 1 cup.
Makes 12 servings.
Per serving: 176 calories, 4 g total fat (2 g saturated fat), 31 g carbohydrate, 5 g protein, 3 g dietary fiber, 232 mg sodium.
More Recipes
Do You Have a Question? Ask the Expert!
We’ve compiled a list of some of the most common questions we receive in our FAQ below. Have a question about diet and food and cancer prevention? Ask your question using this form. We will post some of the answers to the questions we receive that have the most benefit to the most people.
Ask Your Question
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q:
Which fruits and vegetables should I be eating?
A:
Eat as many different vegetables and fruits as you can. Variety is the key to obtaining the many protective phytochemicals. Each vegetable and fruit has its own profile of health-promoting substances.
The phytochemicals found in cantaloupe are different from those in broccoli or leeks or cherries. Try to include a lot of colors on your plate. Aim to eat some bright red, green, orange, blue, purple and yellow vegetables and fruits each day.
Q:
Should I buy organic foods whenever possible?
A:
There are many reasons to eat organic foods, but currently, there is no convincing evidence that shows a difference between organic and conventionally grown foods related to cancer risk. Studies show pesticide residues on conventionally grown foods are almost always within safety tolerance limits.
If you are concerned about pesticide residues and can afford to spend more, organic produce may be a choice for you. Eating generous servings of a large variety of veggies and fruits - whether organic or not will benefit your health. The advantages of including more vegetables and fruits in your diet outweigh the potential risks from pesticides.
Q:
Can grilled meats really cause cancer?
A:
Lab studies show that exposing meats to direct flame, smoke and intense heat (like when you grill or broil) can cause the formation of carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). Cooking methods that involve less heat, such as microwaving, baking, steaming and poaching, do not promote the formation of these substances.
Several strategies you can use to cut carcinogen formation on meat include marinating, flipping frequently, removing excess fat from meat before cooking, and microwaving for part of the cooking time. So for delicious and healthful options, try grilling vegetables, veggie burgers and fruit slices and cut down on meat, fish and poultry.
Published on November 7, 2011
References
- History of Cherries. Washington State University College of Agricultural, Human and Natural Resource Sciences, Sweet Cherry Research. Accessed 8/12. http://cahnrs-cms.wsu.edu/sweetcherryresearch/about/history/Pages/default.aspx
- Cherry Profile. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Iowa State University. Accessed 8/12. http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/fruits/cherry_profile.cfm#
- Kim DO, et al. Sweet and sour cherry phenolics and their protective effects on neuronal cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Dec 28;53(26):9921-7.
- USDA Database for Flavonoid Content, Release 2.1, 2007. Accessed 5/11.
- Cherry Nutrition Report. Cherry Marketing Institute. Accessed 5/11.
http://www.choosecherries.com/Uploads/Documents/8589194263810869558.pdf - King Orchards. Accessed from website 5/11. http://www.mi-cherries.com/nutr.htm
- Shih, PH et al. Effects of anthocyanidin on the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005 Oct;43(10):1557-66.
- Clark SS. Perillyl alcohol induces c-Myc-dependent apoptosis in Bcr/Abl-transformed leukemia cells. Oncology. 2006;70(1):13-8.
- Loutrari H et al. Perillyl alcohol is an angiogenesis inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Nov;311(2):568-75.
- Traustadóttir T et al. Tart cherry juice decreases oxidative stress in healthy older men and women. J Nutr. 2009 Oct;139(10):1896-900.
- Kelley DS, et al. Consumption of Bing sweet cherries lowers circulating concentrations of inflammation markers in healthy men and women. J Nutr. 2006 Apr;136(4):981-6.
- Liu G, Oettel K, Bailey H, Ummersen LV, Tutsch K, Staab MJ, Horvath D, Alberti D, Arzoomanian R, Rezazadeh H, McGovern J, Robinson E, DeMets D, Wilding G.
Phase II trial of perillyl alcohol (NSC 641066) administered daily in patients with metastatic androgen independent prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs. 2003 Aug;21(3):367-72.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14578686?dopt=Abstract - Stearns V, Coop A, Singh B, Gallagher A, Yamauchi H, Lieberman R, Pennanen M, Trock B, Hayes DF, Ellis MJ. A pilot surrogate end point biomarker trial of perillyl alcohol in breast neoplasia. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Nov 15;10(22):7583-91.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15569989?dopt=Abstract - da Fonseca CO, Linden R, Futuro D, Gattass CR, Quirico-Santos T. Ras pathway activation in gliomas: a strategic target for intranasal administration of perillyl alcohol. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2008 Jul-Aug;56(4):267-76. Epub 2008 Jul 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18726148
- da Silveira Fd, Lopes Bde A, da Fonseca CO, Quirico-Santos T, de Palmer Paixão IC, de Amorim LM. Analysis of EGF+61A>G polymorphism and EGF serum levels in Brazilian glioma patients treated with perillyl alcohol-based therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2012 Aug;138(8):1347-54. Epub 2012 Apr 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22481252
- da Fonseca CO, Simão M, Lins IR, Caetano RO, Futuro D, Quirico-Santos T. Efficacy of monoterpene perillyl alcohol upon survival rate of patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011 Feb;137(2):287-93. Epub 2010 Apr 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20401670
